Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.

兩個因素嚴重地影響工業里科學研究的效果：

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out,

一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛；

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.

二是研究人員缺乏個人自由。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

In so far as any inquiry is a secret one,

任何一項研究都涉及到保密，

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact

那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能進行有效的接觸

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities,

和其他國家、其他大學同行們

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

or even, of there nough, in other departments of the same firm.

甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門的同行們。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.

保密程度自然差別很大。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.

某些大公司進行的研究屬于一般和基礎性的研究。因此不保密對他們才有利。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.

然而，依賴這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進行的，直到可以取得專利權的階段為止。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.

更多的工藝過程根本就不會取得專利權，而是作為秘方保存著。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

This applies particularly to chemical industries,

這在化學工業方面尤其突出。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechancal industries.

同物理和機械工業相比，化學工業中偶然發現的機會要多得多。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.

有時，保密竟達到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個性質都不準提及。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries

比如，很多公司向圖書館借閱科技書籍時感到很困難，

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book,

因為它們不愿讓人家記下它們公司的名字和借閱的某一本書。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

他們生怕別的公司的情報人員據此摸到他們可能要從事的某項科研項目。

Lesson 16 The modern city

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected.

在工業生活的組織中，工廠對工人的生理和精神狀態的影響完全被忽視了。

Lesson 16 The modern city

Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost,

以最低成本獲取最多產品，

Lesson 16 The modern city

in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.

為的是讓某個個人或某一部分人盡可能多地賺錢。

Lesson 16 The modern city

It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines,

現代工業發展起來了，卻根本沒想到操作機器的人的本質。

Lesson 16 The modern city

and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.

工廠把一種人為的生存方式強加給工人，卻不顧及這種生存方式給工人及其后代帶來的影響。

Lesson 16 The modern city

The great cities have been built with no regard for us.

大城市的建設毫不關心我們。

Lesson 16 The modern city

The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground,

每平方英尺地皮取得最大收入

Lesson 16 The modern city

and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them.

和向租房人提供使他滿意的辦公室和住房。

Lesson 16 The modern city

This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.

這樣就導致了許多摩天大廈拔地而起，大廈內眾多的人擠在一起。

Lesson 16 The modern city

Civilized men like such a way of living.

文明人喜歡這樣一種生活方式。

Lesson 16 The modern city

While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling,

在享受自己住宅的舒適和庸俗的豪華時，

Lesson 16 The modern city

they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.

卻沒有意識到被剝奪了生活所必需的東西。

Lesson 16 The modern city

The modern city consists of monstrous edifices,

今日現代化的城市由大得嚇人的高樓