Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams

People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming.

在眼球活動期間被叫醒的人都說自己在做夢；

Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams

When woken at other times they reported no dreams.

在其他期間叫醒他們，則說沒有做夢。

Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams

If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end,

如果有兩組人，一組人連續(xù)幾夜在眼球隊活動時被叫醒；

Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams

and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were no exhibiting eye-movements,

另一組人也是連續(xù)幾夜被叫醒，但是在眼球隊沒活動時被叫醒的。

Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams

the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected.

結(jié)果，第一組人開始出現(xiàn)性格失常，而第二組人似乎沒受什么影響。

Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams

The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.

睡眠受到干憂沒關(guān)系，而做夢受到干憂是有問題的。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery.

蛇是怎樣產(chǎn)生毒液的，這是一個謎。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.

蛇的唾液本來和我們?nèi)说南阂粯尤岷停?jīng)過漫長的時間，演變成了今天仍無法分析清楚的毒液。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

It was not forced upon them by the survival competition; they could have caught and lived on prey without using poison, just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do.

毒液不是生存競爭強加給它們的，它們也可以不用毒液捕捉動物而生存，就像今天成千上萬的無毒蛇那樣。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

Poison to a snake is merely a luxury; it enables it to get its food with very little effort, no more effort than one bite.

毒液對毒蛇來說只不過是一種舒適生存的優(yōu)越手段，它使蛇不用費多大力氣就能捕獲到食物，輕咬一口即可。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

And why only snakes? Cats, for instance, would be greatly helped; no running fights with large, fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits -- just a bite and no more effort needed.

為什么只有蛇才有毒液呢？譬如說，如果貓有毒液，那對貓會大有幫助，它就不必再和又大又兇的老鼠邊跑邊博斗了，也不必再和大兔子扭斗了，只要咬一口，就不必再費大力氣。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

In fact, it would be an assistance to all carnivores though it would be a two-edged weapon when they fought each other.

因此，任何食肉動物有了毒液，都能從中獲益。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

But, of the vertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes (and one lizard).

不過，當它們相互撕打時，毒液就成了利弊參半的武，可以殺死對方，也可以被對方的毒液殺死。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

One wonders also why Nature, with some snakes, concocted poison of such extreme potency.

然而，在脊椎動物中，大自然神秘模測地只選擇了蛇（還有一種蜥蜴），人們弄不清楚大自然為什么在某些蛇的身上調(diào)制出如此高效的毒液來。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

In the conversion of saliva into poison, one might suppose that a fixed process took place.

人們可能認為，唾液轉(zhuǎn)變成毒液，其中有固定的程序。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

It did not;

其實沒有。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

some snakes manufacture a poison different in every respect from that of others,

有些蛇產(chǎn)生的毒液也在各方面與另外一些毒蛇產(chǎn)生的毒液不同，

Lesson 20 Snake poison

as different as arsenic is from strychnine,

就像砒霜不同于馬錢子堿一樣。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

and having different effects. One poison acts on the nerves, the other on the blood.

不同毒蛇產(chǎn)生的毒液產(chǎn)生的效果不同，一種毒液作用于神經(jīng)，另一種毒液作用于血液。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

The makers of the nerve poison include the mambas and the cobras and their venom is called neurotoxic.

產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)毒液的蛇有一種非洲樹眼鏡蛇和眼鏡蛇，它們的毒液稱為神經(jīng)毒素。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

Vipers (adders) and rattlesnakes manufacture the blood poison, which is known as haemolytic.

蝰蛇（蝮蛇）和響尾蛇產(chǎn)生血液毒素，稱為溶血性毒液。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

Both poisons are unpleasant, but by far the more unpleasant is the blood poison.

這兩種毒液都很可怕，但溶血性毒液尤其厲害。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula.

據(jù)說，神經(jīng)毒液在兩種毒液中是較為原始的一種，而溶血性毒液，打個比方說，是根據(jù)改良配方生產(chǎn)的一種較新的產(chǎn)品。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.

不過，神經(jīng)毒辣液比溶血性毒液在人身上起作用快得多。

Lesson 20 Snake poison

This, however, means nothing.

但是，這沒有什么關(guān)系，

Lesson 20 Snake poison

Snakes did not acquire their poison for use against man but for use against prey such as rats and mice, and the effects on these of viperine poison is almost immediate.

因為蛇有毒液不是用來對付人的，而是對付它的獵物，諸如鼠類，毒液對這些獵物會立刻起作用。

Lesson 21 William SHart and the early 'Western' film

William S.hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars, fro unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but Westerns.

威廉。哈特大概是美國西部電影明星中的佼佼者。他和加里。 古柏、約翰。韋恩不同，他只在西部電影中扮演角色。

Lesson 21 William SHart and the early 'Western' film

From 1914 to 1924 he was supreme and unchallenged.

在1914年至1924年期間，他首屈一指，獨霸影壇。

Lesson 21 William SHart and the early 'Western' film

The good-had man, the accidental-noble outlaw, or the honest-but-framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip;

被認為是壞人的好人，出人意料的高尚的逃犯，誠實卻遭陷害的牛仔或因流言蜚語蒙受嫌疑的司法官。

Lesson 21 William SHart and the early 'Western' film

in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.

總之，主人公是一個自相矛盾，又與他的拓荒環(huán)境相矛盾的人物。